
the evolutionary tree of dinoflagellates, courtesy of Senckenberg Research
In a weirdly fortuitous collision prompted mostly by my recently discovered, hopefully temporary inability to hone in on any one particular text, I’ve been spending time with three works that don’t immediately appear to have many shared points of dialogue. One of these is Harman’s recent essay collection Towards Speculative Realism, which I picked up because , as someone who never had an intense romance and breakup with Heidegger (I spent those formative years reading feminist theory and tacitly boycotting the works of fascists and fascist sympathizers), I figured a needed a good primer on the Heideggerian roots of SR/OOO. Another is Karen Barad’s recent essay on “Nature’s Queer Performativity,” published in the Spring/Summer 2011 issue of Qui Parle. The third is Karma Lochrie’s book Heterosyncrasies: Female Sexuality When Normal Wasn’t (University of Minnesota, 2005).
Each of these works are compelling in their own right. Towards Speculative Realism is, like I wrote a moment ago, a great synopsis of Harman’s revisionary reading of Heidegger’s tool-being by way of Whitehead. Barad’s essay is very much a shortened synopsis of the main philosophical interventions of agential realism more thoroughly covered in her fabulous Meeting the Universe Halfway (and useful on this count alone!), but she frames these interventions through a focus on disrupting queer-phobic discourses on ‘unnatural acts’ through beautifully and empirically destabilizing nature, emphasizing (as alluded to in the title), the radical queerness of nature, its indeterminacy, opacity, and non-taxonomic, anarchic processes. Lochrie’s work is a fabulous attempt to intervene in the study of medieval sexualities through a tightly woven argument that discussing something like pre-or-early modern European homo (or hetero) sexuality is a misled undertaking, given that these taxonomic understandings of sexuality rely on modern conceptions of normativity that had no purchase on corporeal and erotic intelligibilities, say, prior to the 19th century, with the birth of sciences of the norm so well documented by Georges Canguilheim (and Foucault, of course, partially by way of Canguilheim).
So what of the mysterious connectivity I see threading through these works? While it’s only, as I say, a relatively undeveloped hunch I’ve got at the moment, I’d like to make a few notes on the possibility of reading this recent revisionary revival of philosophical realisms – of speculative and agential varieties — as potentially linked to a set of motivations similar to those that animate projects examining a-modern, non-modern, and pre-modern modes of understanding eroticism, corporeality, and kinship.
Lochrie situates the goals of her project as such, rather tongue in cheek: “If I am on a rescue mission, it is twofold: to recuperate female sexualities from the Middle Ages (and medieval scholarship) and to rescue the Middle Ages and all of us from the terrible presumption of transhistorical heteronormativity” (xxviii). Laudable aims, both – I’m a bit more interested in the latter goal, though, at least in this line of thought. Why is it important to work against the infectious presumption of transhistorical heteronormativity? Well, for one, it produces banal scholarship. But, perhaps more importantly, it helps mediate against the force of normativity in our present moments, and (relatedly) helps shifts the future parameters of what sexualities, corporealities, and eroticisms can be and become, perhaps ameliorating the effects of reproductive futurism. Aside (well, not really aside – interwoven with) these temporal-political concerns is the reworking of nature that stems from researching sexualities in an historical moment prior to the becoming normative of nature. What I index by this phrase ‘the becoming normative of nature’ is the early nineteenth century rise of stastical sciences, particularly those relying on the technology of the bell curve, that served to map deviance as derivation from the average and position said average as provident of the acceptable (though, certainly, somewhat mutable) parameters of the normal. This is, of course, from whence modern understandings of disability, natural error, and unnatural acts stem.
This, to my mind, renders the work of Heterosyncrasies of a piece with Barad’s extensive efforts to rework the sacrosanct nature/culture divide in such a way that the phrasing of the above terms makes utterly no sense. What is an ‘unnatural act’ or a ‘natural error’ if we understand the world, or processes of worlding, in terms of phenomenal intra-action? For those who haven’t read Barad before, here’s an account of what she means by intra-action:
On my agential realist account, all bodies, not merely human bodies, come to matter through the world’s performativity—its iterative intra-activity. Matter is not figured as a mere effect or product of discursive practices, but rather as an agentive factor in its iterative materialization, and identity and difference are radically reworked. In particular, I have argued that what we commonly take to be individual entities are not separate determinately bounded and propertied objects, but rather are (entangled “parts of”) phenomena (materialdiscursive intra-actions) that extend across (what we commonly take to be separate places and moments in) space and time (where the notions of “material” and “discursive” and the relationship between them are unmoored from their (anti)humanist foundations and reworked). Phenomena are entanglements of spacetimematter, not in the colloquial sense of a connection or intertwining of individual entities, but rather in the technical sense of “quantum entanglements,” which are the (ontological) inseparability of agentially intra-acting “components.”
The notion of intra-action (in contrast to the usual “interaction,” which presumes the prior existence of independent entities/relata) marks an important shift, reopening and refiguring foundational notions of classical ontology such as causality, agency, space, time, matter, discourse, responsibility, and accountability (“Nature’s Queer Performativity,” 13-14).
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The projects of Barad and Lochrie feel like bookends of sorts, one with an eye towards alternative conceptions of matter, corporeality, and relationality at work in medieval milieus, another with an eye towards recent and contempory developments in science and technology studies that provide empirical evidence, as it were, of intra-active phenomena, illustrating – in what, I’m sure, many may take as a contentious move – by way of evidentiary example a sort of Derridean differance through demonstrating the irrevocable entanglement of entities heuristically labelled self/other, subject/object in processes of co-constitutive becoming. Some examples included in Barad’s essay: lightning, fish-killing dinoflagellates, and particle physicists.
The long history of contemporary understandings of sexed, sexual, and gendered pathology relies on the refusal of cognizing this co-constituvity, of instead establishing the patient as a bounded entity (perhaps one who transmits disease, but is for all that still a determinate and determined being) as well as an object of observation, firmly delimited from both the other beings – animate and inanimate – in their milieu as well as distinctly differentiated from the sort of corporeal (hetero)normativity established in the processes that work to constitute the becoming normative of nature.
So what of Harman’s work? How does it connect up with these lines of thought? Simply put: there’s something in his emphasis on the secret lives of objects, as it were, that resonates deeply with these efforts to queer nature, matter, and relation in a deeply historical and empirical manner. The disturbing part of Harman’s approach, for me, is his repeated call for contemporary philosophers to investigate these secret lives, these object-to-object relations in a way that cognizes both a) their relative indifference to humans and b) seeks thereby to uncover or unveil the real force of these objects. In other words, what I love about Harman’s work is the emphasis on opacity and limited knowability, insofar as this resonates, in an admittedly odd way, with the work of folks like Eduoard Glissant, who insist on the right to opacity and consider this a fundamental ethical tenet, a sort of lynchpin of non-parasitic, non-usurious relationality.
What is lacking in Harman’s approach (and for me, the reason why I thus far find agential realism so much more compelling than speculative realism), is an understanding of the ways on which ‘objecthood’ has not only or ever solely been confined to the realm of the ostensibly inanimate. When one has experienced life, or parts of living, as a conjectural object of investigation (a phenomenon not at all unfamiliar to many women, folks of color, queers, indigenous communities, disabled folks), granting agential dynamism to much more than the human becomes an important resistant task – and also an important means of ethical relating, constitutive of (to echo Ziarek’s work in An Ethics of Dissensus) a certain ethos of becoming that is deeply attentive to the affective politics of intra-activity in a universe where agency is no longer considered the province of the human.
While the granting of agency to the inanimate is a site where agential and speculative realism seem to overlap, what I think of as the ethos of estrangement called for by Harman –i.e. what he refers to as the movement beyond the sphere of intential objects and toward real ones through “reversing the work of causation itself” in “pointing to a lonely object in the distance and no longer in its relation to us” (137) — is an impossible task in Barad’s understanding of the universe. That this is an impossibility – that we are never separate from other entities, never able to encounter them essentially, does not make her work somehow less empirical or less ‘realist.’ I do think, along with Barad, that one is not necessarily a humanist for cognizing that intra-action is commensurable with opacity. I don’t think, however, that philosophy should dedicate itself to exploring objects in their “naked allure” (Toward Speculative Realism, 139) in order to move beyond the entrenchment of a sometimes-violent, often problematic humanist bent.
In other words, objecthood is never ethically or politically neutral. To affirm this is not to affirm the sovereignity of the human, but it is a way of doing justice to brutal histories of objectification that have had profound effects on human and non-human actants alike. Amodern queer becomings – that is, eroticisms, relationalities, understandings of material intra-action and the non-sovereignity of the subject that don’t cohere with the binaries and normativities constitutive of modern epistemologies — are a way of protesting these violent histories through cognizing the irrevocability of opacity, through granting that there is no full or stable determination of the naked allure of things.
–HJM
Filed under: Everything's Political, Gender Thangs, Agential Realism, Graham Harman, Heterosyncrasies, Karen Barad, Karma Lochrie, Meeting the Universe Halfway, performativity, queer, Qui Parle, Speculative Realism